!“#$%&‘()*+,–./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|} !“#$%&‘()*+,–./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}
Sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding. holidays, designated periods…
We revisit fiscal sustainability through the lens of the government’s budget constraint. What constrains fiscal policy is not the stock of outstanding liabilities per se, but the fiscal cost of servicing debt. Using two centuries of U.S. fiscal data (1800–2023) and a long-run panel of advanced economies, we show that primary surpluses are systematically more…
In monopsony models, wage markdowns induce deadweight loss and are therefore inefficient. Yet markdowns also arise in models with backloaded efficiency pay, where they are designed to induce effort among early-career workers and are thus efficient. To reconcile—and empirically distinguish—these two mechanisms, we build a dynamic model incorporating labor market power and endogenous effort. Estimating…
If you asked me at the start of the year how I would rank Advanced Micro Devices (AMD +2.13%), Broadcom (AVGO 0.31%), and Nvidia (NVDA +3.90%) in terms of potential stock performance, I would have put Nvidia at the top, Broadcom in the middle, and AMD in last place. So far in 2026, my projection that…
Yemen’s Houthis are considering fees for ships sailing through the Red Sea – Reuters !“#$%&‘()*+,–./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|} !“#$%&‘()*+,–./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}
Canada’s financial system has functioned well through a challenging year. Households and businesses remain in stable financial condition, and banks have strengthened their capacity to absorb shocks. However, vulnerabilities have increased in some parts of the system, and a more turbulent global environment poses risks to financial stability.