Funding is gratefully acknowledged from the Upjohn Institute Early Career Research Grant, UCLA Faculty Senate Grant, and the Initiative for the Study of Gender in the Economy at the Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago. We thank Jack Landry, Reigne Dadey, Mikaela Hassenzahl, Amber Liu, Jessica Lyu, Jacob Kohlhepp, Elisabetta Campagna, Sam Lin, and Matias Giaccobasso for excellent research assistance. We have benefited from comments from Dan Black, Paola Giuliano, Romain Wacziarg, Brendan Price, Manasi Deshpande, Steven Durlauf, Trevor Gallen, Josh Gottlieb, Jeff Grogger, Juanna Joensen, Matt Notowidigdo, Nico Voigtlaender, Joanna Lahey, Bruce Sacerdote, Heather Sarsons, Ulf Zolitz, Martha Bailey, Peter Ganong, Anne Brenoe, and many helpful seminar participants. This study was pre-registered on the AEA Social Sciences Registry under AEARCTR-0005464, AEARCTR-0013302, and AEARCTR-0013537. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.